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Figure 18-2: Use SWAT from your browser to manage your Samba configuration. The rest of this section describes how to use SWAT to create your configuration entries (in /etc/samba/smb.conf) and to work with that configuration. Caution Any time you use a GUI to change a plain-text configuration file (as you do with SWAT), it is possible that you will lose some of the information that you put in by hand. In this case, SWAT deletes comment lines and rearranges other entries. Make a backup copy of your /etc/samba/smb.conf file if you edit it with SWAT after you have edited it by hand. Creating global Samba settings A group of global settings affects how file and print sharing are generally accomplished on a Samba server. They appear under the [global] heading in the /etc/samba/smb.conf file. There are six option types available: Base options, security options, logging options, printing options, browse options, and WINs options. To view and modify your global Samba server settings, click the Globals button. Then add the following options. Base options The following options relate to basic information associated with your Samba server. Workgroup The name of the workgroup associated with the group of SMB hosts. By default, the value for this field is workgroup. Netbios Name The name assigned to this Samba server. You can use the same name as your DNS hostname. Server String A string of text identifying the server. This name appears in places such as the printer comment box. By default, it says Samba Server. Interfaces Lets you set up more than one network interface. This enables Samba to browse several different subnetworks. The form of this field can be IP Address/Subnetwork Mask. Or, you could identify a network interface (such as eth0 for the first Ethernet card on your computer). For example, a Class C network address may appear as: 192.168.24.11/255.255.255.0
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This runs the Samba service during the current session. To set up Samba to start automatically when your Linux system starts, type the following: # chkconfig smb on This turns on the Samba service to start automatically in run levels 3, 4, or 5. At this point, you can open the Network Neighborhood icon from the Windows desktop on the local LAN for a user you have just set up. An icon representing the Linux Samba server you just configured should appear in the Network Neighborhood window. When you open the server icon, you should see an icon representing the user s home directory (/home/user) and one icon for each shared printer available from the Linux Samba server. Configuring Samba with SWAT The SWAT program lets you set Samba configuration information, the result of which is stored in the /etc/samba/smb.conf file. The advantage of using SWAT, as opposed to editing the /etc/samba/smb.conf file by hand, is that you can get help and some error checking as you configure Samba. SWAT is an application that runs in your Web browser window. Before you can use swat, you need to do some configuration. To set up the SWAT program to run from your browser, follow these steps: 1. In /etc/services, make sure that the following line exists. This assigns the swat service to port 901, using the TCP protocol. swat 901/tcp # Samba Web Administration Tool 2. In the /etc/xinetd.d/swat file, you need to change the disable line from yes to no. This is how the line should appear after that: disable = no 3. For the changes to xinetd and /etc/services to take effect, you restart the xinetd start-up script as follows: # /etc/init.d/xinetd restart When you have finished this procedure, use the SWAT program, described in the next section, to configure Samba. Creating the Samba server configuration with SWAT You can run the SWAT program, by typing the following URL from your local browser: http://localhost:901/ Instead of running SWAT from your local browser, you can also run the SWAT program from another computer on the network, by substituting the server computer s name for localhost. (To allow computers besides localhost to access the swat service, you must change or remove the only_from = 127.0.0.1 line from the /etc/xinetd.d/swat file and restart the xinetd service.) At this point, the browser will prompt you for a user name and password. Enter the root user name and password. The SWAT window should appear, as shown in Figure 18-2.
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encryption on by default. Passwords are stored in the /etc/samba/smbpasswd file on your Linux system. The dns proxy = no option prevents Linux from looking up system names on the DNS server (used for TCP/IP lookups). You may need to add host names and IP addresses of the computers on your LAN to your /etc/hosts file to resolve these addresses. The [homes] section allows each user to be able to access his or her Linux home directory from a Windows system on the LAN. The user will be able to write to the home directory. However, other users will not be able see or share this directory. The [printers] section allows all users to print to any printer that is configured on the local Linux system. Adding Samba users Doing user-style Samba security means assigning a Linux user account to each person using the Linux file systems and printers from his or her Windows workstation. (You could assign users to a guest account instead, but in this example, all users have their own accounts.) Then you need to add SMB passwords for each user. For example, here is how you would add a user whose Windows 98 workstation login is chuckp: 1. Type the following as root user from a Terminal window to add a Linux user account: # useradd -m chuckp 2. Add a Linux password for the new user as follows: # passwd chuckp Changing password for user chuckp New UNIX password: ******** Retype new UNIX password: ******** 3. Repeat the previous steps to add user accounts for all users from Windows workstations on your LAN that you want to give access to your Linux system to. 4. Type the following command to create the Samba password file (smbpasswd): # cat /etc/passwd | /usr/bin/mksmbpasswd.sh > /etc/samba/smbpasswd 5. Add an SMB password for the user as follows: # smbpasswd chuckp New SMB password: ********** Retype new SMB password: ********** Repeat this step for each user. Later, each user can log in to Linux and rerun the passwd and smbpasswd commands to set private passwords. Starting the Samba service To start the Samba SMB and NMB daemons, you can run the /etc/init.d/smb start-up script by typing the following as the root user: # /etc/init.d/smb start
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/usr/share/doc/samba*/docs/ directory for information on security. The procedure in this section steps you through an example of a Red Hat Linux system configured as a Samba server. In this example, the Linux Samba server uses user security to share home directories and printers with users from Windows workstations on the local LAN. The procedure consists of three basic steps: 1. Editing the smb.conf file. 2. Adding Samba users. 3. Starting the Samba service. Editing the smb.conf file Using either SWAT (described in the “Configuring Samba with SWAT” section) or a regular text editor (as root user), create an /etc/samba/smb.conf file. Here is an example of an smb.conf file (with comment lines removed) that can be used to share printers and directories with several Windows systems on a single LAN: [global] workgroup = ESTREET netbios name = MAPLE server string = Samba Server on Maple hosts allow = 192.168.0. printcap name = /etc/printcap load printers = yes printing = lprng log file = /var/log/samba/%m.log max log size = 0 security = user encrypt passwords = yes smb passwd file = /etc/samba/smbpasswd socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF=8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192 dns proxy = no [homes] comment = Home Directories browseable = no writable = yes [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba browseable = no guest ok = no printable = yes In the [global] section, the workgroup is set to ESTREET, the server is identified as the Samba Server on Maple, and only computers that are on the local network (192.168.0.) are allowed access to the Samba service. Definitions for the local printers that will be shared are taken from the /etc/printcap file, the printers are loaded (yes), and the lprng printing service (which is the default print service used by Red Hat Linux) is used. Separate log files for each host that tries to use the service are created in /var/log/samba/%m.log (with %m automatically replaced with each host name). There is no limit to the size of each log file (0). In this case, we are using user-level security (security = user). This allows a user to log in once and then easily access the printers and the user s home directory on the Red Hat Linux system. Password encryption is on (encrypt passwords = yes) because Windows 95, Windows 98, and other Windows systems have password
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Windows NT Windows ME Windows XP Windows for Workgroups MS Client 3.0 for DOS OS/2 Dave for Macintosh Computers Samba for Linux As for administrative tools for Samba, there are several shell commands that you can use. You can check your configuration file using the testparm and testprns commands. The smbstatus command will tell you which computers are currently connected to your shared resources. Using the nmblookup command, you can query for NetBIOS names (the names used to identify host computers in Samba). Although Samba uses the NetBIOS service to share resources with SMB clients, the underlying network must be configured for TCP/IP. Although other SMB hosts can use TCP/IP, NetBEUI, and IPX/SPX to transport data, Samba for Linux supports only TCP/IP. Messages are carried between host computers with TCP/IP and are then handled by NetBIOS. Getting and installing Samba Although not installed with all installation groups in Red Hat Linux, Samba is available on the second Red Hat CD-ROM (CD-2). To install Samba from the CD, mount the CD and run rpm as follows: # mount /mnt/cdrom # cd /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS # rpm -ivh samba* If you prefer, you can obtain the latest version of Samba from http://www.samba.org/. An rpm that is more recent than the one on the Red Hat CD may be available. (Follow the download links from the Samba Web site to obtain the Samba rpm.) A lot of documentation comes with Samba. Before you start trying to configure Samba, read the README file (probably located in /usr/share/doc/samba*). It provides a good overview of the SMB protocol and Samba. Quick-starting Samba Caution This procedure is primarily for people who are trying out Samba for the first time in a secure environment. If you are using Samba in an environment that contains critical data and is accessible from the Internet, I urge you to consider more stringent security measures. Read the more complete descriptions of Samba in the rest of this section and refer to documents in the
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computers. This saves the user from having to download messages to their current computer or from having to log in to the server just to get mail. There is only one mailbox for each user, no matter from where it is accessed. /home This is a similar concept to sharing mail, except that all users have access to their home directories from any of the NFS clients. Again, you would mount /home on the same mount point on each client computer. When the user logs in, that user has access to all the user s startup files and data files contained in the /home/user directory. Tip If your users rely on a shared /home directory, you should make sure that the NFS server that exports the directory is fairly reliable. If /home isn t available, the user may not have the startup files to login correctly, or any of the data files needed to get work done. One workaround is to have a minimal set of startup files (.bashrc, .Xdefaults, and so on) available in the user s home directory when the NFS directory is not mounted. Doing so allows the user to log in properly at those times. /project Although you don t have to use this name, a common practice among users on a project is to share a directory structure containing files that people on the project need to share. This way everyone can work on original files and keep copies of the latest versions in one place. /var/log An administrator can keep track of log files from several different computers by mounting the /var/log file on the administrator s computer. (Each server may need to export the directory to allow root to be mapped between the computers for this to work.) If there are problems with a computer, the administrator can then easily view the shared log files live. If you are working mostly with Red Hat Linux and other UNIX systems, NFS is probably your best choice for sharing file systems. If your network consists primarily of MS Windows computers, you may want to look into using Samba for file sharing. Setting Up a Samba File Server in Red Hat Linux Samba is a software package that comes with Red Hat Linux that lets you share file systems and printers on a network with computers that use the Session Message Block (SMB) protocol. SMB is the protocol that is delivered with Windows operating systems for sharing files and printers. Although you can t always count on NFS being installed on Windows clients (unless you install it yourself), SMB is always available (with a bit of setup). On the Red Hat Linux side, the Samba software package contains a variety of daemon processes, administrative tools, user tools, and configuration files. The work you need to do with Samba centers on the /etc/samba/smb.conf file. You can either edit /etc/samba/smb.conf by hand or use the SWAT program (which runs in a browser window) to set up the file. Daemon processes consist of smbd (the SMB daemon) and nmbd (the NetBIOS name server). smbd is what makes the file sharing and printing services you add to your Red Hat Linux computer available to Windows client computers. The client computers this package supports include: Windows 9x Windows 2000
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retrans=# Sets the number of minor retransmission timeouts that occur before a major timeout. When a major timeout occurs, the process is either aborted (soft mount) or a Server Not Responding message appears on your console. retry=# Sets how many minutes to continue to retry failed mount requests, where # is replaced by the number of minutes to retry. The default is 10,000 minutes (which is about one week). bg If the first mount attempt times out, try all subsequent mounts in the background. This option is very valuable if you are mounting a slow or sporadically available NFS file system. By placing mount requests in the background, Red Hat Linux can continue to mount other file systems instead of waiting for the current one to complete. Note If a nested mount point is missing, a timeout to allow for the needed mount point to be added occurs. For example, if you mount /usr/trip and /usr/trip/extra as NFS file systems, if /usr/trip is not yet mounted when /usr/trip/extra tries to mount, /usr/trip/extra will time out. Hopefully, /usr/trip will come up and /usr/trip/extra will mount on the next retry. fg If the first mount attempt times out, try subsequent mounts in the foreground. This is the default behavior. Use this option if it is imperative that the mount be successful before continuing (for example, if you were mounting /usr). Any of the values that don t require a value can have no appended to it to have the opposite effect. For example, nobg indicates that the mount should not be done in the background. Unmounting NFS file systems After an NFS file system is mounted, unmounting it is simple. You use the umount command with either the local mount point or the remote file system name. For example, here are two ways you could unmount maple:/tmp from the local directory /mnt/maple. # umount maple:/tmp # umount /mnt/maple Either form will work. If maple:/tmp is mounted automatically (from a listing in /etc/fstab), the directory will be remounted the next time you boot Red Hat Linux. If it was a temporary mount (or listed as noauto in /etc/fstab), it will not be remounted at boot time. Tip If you get the message, device is busy when you try to unmount a file system, it means that the unmount failed because the file system is being accessed. Most likely, one of the directories in the NFS file system is the current directory for your shell (or the shell of someone else on your system). The other possibility is that a command is holding a file open in the NFS file system (such as a text editor). Check your Terminal windows and other shells, and cd out of the directory if you are in it, or just close the Terminal windows. Other cool things to do with NFS You can share some directories to make it consistent for a user to work from any of several different Linux computers on your network. Some examples of useful directories to share are: /var/spool /mail By sharing this directory from your mail server, and mounting it on the same directory on other computers on your network, users can access their mail from any of those other
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the system is already running. Tip The default is to mount an NFS file system as read/write. However, the default for exporting a file system is read-only. If you are unable to write to an NFS file system, check that it was exported as read/write from the server. Mounting noauto file systems In your /etc/fstab file are devices for other file systems that are not mounted automatically (probably /dev/cdrom and /dev/fd0, for your CD-ROM and floppy disk devices, respectively). A noauto file system can be mounted manually. The advantage is that when you type the mount command, you can type less information and have the rest filled in by the contents of the /etc/fstab file. So, for example, you could type: mount /oak/apps With this command, mount knows to check the /etc/fstab file to get the file system to mount (oak:/apps), the file system type (nfs), and the options to use with the mount (in this case ro for read-only). Instead of typing the local mount point (/oak/apps), you could have typed the remote file system name (oak:/apps) instead, and had other information filled in. Tip When naming mount points, including the name of the remote NFS server in that name can help you remember where the files are actually being stored. This may not be possible if you are sharing home directories (/home) or mail directories (/var/spool/mail). Using mount options You can add several mount options to the /etc/fstab file (or to a mount command line itself) to impact how the file system is mounted. When you add options to /etc/fstab, they must be separated by commas. The following are some options that are valuable for mounting NFS file systems: hard With this option on, if the NFS server disconnects or goes down while a process is waiting to access it, the process will hang until the server comes back up. This option is helpful if it is critical that the data you are working with not get out of sync with the programs that are accessing it. (This is the default behavior.) soft If the NFS server disconnects or goes down, a process trying to access data from the server will timeout after a set period of time when this is on. rsize The number of bytes of data read at a time from an NFS server. The default is 1024. Using a larger number (such as 8192) will get you better performance on a network that is fast (such as a LAN) and is relatively error-free (that is, one that doesn t have a lot of noise or collisions). wsize The number of bytes of data written at a time to an NFS server. The default is 1024. Performance issues are the same as with the rsize option. timeo=# Sets the time after an RPC timeout occurs that a second transmission is made, where # represents a number in tenths of a second. The default value is seven-tenths of a second. Each successive timeout causes the timeout value to be doubled (up to 60 seconds maximum). You should increase this value if you believe that timeouts are occurring because of slow response from the server or a slow network.
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The output from the mount command shows your mounted disks and NFS file systems. The first output line shows your hard disk (/dev/hda3), mounted on the root file system (/), with read/write permission (rw), with a file system type of ext3 (the standard Linux file system type). The /proc, /dev/pts, and usbdevfs mount points represent special file system types. The just mounted NFS file system is the /tmp directory from maple (maple:/tmp). It is mounted on /mnt/maple and its mount type is nfs. The file system was mounted read/write (rw) and the IP address of maple is 10.0.0.11 (addr=10.0.0.11). What I just showed is a simple case of using mount with NFS. The mount is temporary and is not remounted when you reboot your computer. You can also add options to the mount command line for NFS mounts: -a Mount all file systems in /etc/fstab (except those indicated as noauto). -f This goes through the motions of (fakes) mounting the file systems on the command line (or in /etc/fstab). Used with the -v option, -f is useful for seeing what mount would do before it actually does it. -r Mounts the file system as read-only. -w Mounts the file system as read/write. (For this to work, the shared file system must have been exported with read/write permission.) The next section describes how to make the mount more permanent (using the /etc/fstab file) and how to select various options for NFS mounts. Automatically mounting an NFS file system (/etc/fstab file) To set up an NFS file system to mount automatically each time you start your Red Hat Linux system, you need to add an entry for that NFS file system to the /etc/fstab file. The /etc/fstab file contains information about all different kinds of mounted (and available to be mounted) file systems for your Red Hat Linux system. The format for adding an NFS file system to your local system is the following: host:directory mountpoint nfs options 0 0 The first item (host:directory)identifies the NFS server computer and shared directory. Mountpoint is the local mount point on which the NFS directory is mounted, followed by the file system type (nfs). Any options related to the mount appear next in a comma-separated list. (The last two zeros just tell Red Hat Linux not to dump the contents of the file system and not to run fsck on the file system.) The following are two examples of NFS entries in /etc/fstab: maple:/tmp /mnt/maple nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192 0 0 oak:/apps /oak/apps nfs noauto,ro 0 0 In the first example, the remote directory /tmp from the computer named maple (maple:/tmp) is mounted on the local directory /mnt/maple (the local directory must already exist). The file system type is nfs, and read (rsize) and write (wsize) buffer sizes are set at 8192 to speed data transfer associated with this connection. In the second example, the remote directory is /apps on the computer named oak. It is set up as an NFS file system (nfs) that can be mounted on the /oak/apps directory locally. This file system is not mounted automatically (noauto), however, and can be mounted only as read only (ro) using the mount command after
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You can use the chkconfig command to turn on the nfs service by typing the following commands (as root user): # chkconfig nfs on # chkconfig nfslock on The next time you start your computer, the NFS service will start automatically and your exported directories will be available. If you want to start the service immediately, without waiting for a reboot, you can type the following: # /etc/init.d/nfs start # /etc/init.d/nfslock start The NFS service should now be running and ready to share directories with other computers on your network. Using NFS file systems After a server exports a directory over the network using NFS, a client computer connects that directory to its own file system using the mount command. The mount command is the same one used to mount file systems from local hard disks, CDs, and floppies. Only the options to give to mount are slightly different. Mount can automatically mount NFS directories that are added to the /etc/fstab file, just as it does with local disks. NFS directories can also be added to the /etc/fstab file in such a way that they are not automatically mounted. With a noauto option, an NFS directory listed in /etc/fstab is inactive until the mount command is used, after the system is up and running, to mount the file system. Manually mounting an NFS file system If you know that the directory from a computer on your network has been exported (that is, made available for mounting), you can mount that directory manually using the mount command. This is a good way to make sure that it is available and working before you set it up to mount permanently. Here is an example of mounting the /tmp directory from a computer named maple on your local computer: # mkdir /mnt/maple # mount maple:/tmp /mnt/maple The first command (mkdir) creates the mount point directory (/mnt is a common place to put temporarily mounted disks and NFS file systems). The mount command then identifies the remote computer and shared file system separated by a colon (maple:/tmp). Then, the local mount point directory follows (/mnt/maple). Note If the mount failed, make sure that the NFS service is running on the server and that your firewall rules don’t deny access to the service. From the server, type ps ax | nfsd. You should see a list of nfsd server processes. If you don’t, try to start your NFS daemons as described in the previous section. To view your firewall rules, type ipchains -L or iptables -L depending on which firewall service you are using (see Chapter 14 for a description of firewalls). By default, the nfsd daemon listens for NFS requests on port number 2049. To make sure that the mount occurred, type mount. This command lists all mounted disks and NFS file systems. Here is an example of the mount command and its output: # mount /dev/hda3 on / type ext3 (rw) none on /proc type proc (rw) none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) usbdevfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbdevfs (rw) maple:/tmp on /mnt/maple type nfs (rw,addr=10.0.0.11)
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